Pathology Mneuonics

[Anonymous]

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) subtype classification
Each subtype has 2 or 3 causes, plus something 1 or 2 more items.
MEN I is disease of 3 P's: [Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas] plus one more: adrenal cortex.
MEN II is disease of 2 C's: [Carcinoma of thyroid, Catacholamines (pheochromocytoma)] plus two more: parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB (also called MEN III).
Takayasu's disease is Pulseless disease
"Can't Tak'a ya pulse" (Can't take your pulse):
Takayasu's disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities.
Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels
"Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans":
Bones: pain in bones
Stones: renal
Groans: pain
Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state
Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]
6 P's:
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Perishingly cold
Hodgkin's lymphoma classification
A: Asymptomatic
B: Bad
Lichen planus characteristics
Planus has 4 P's:
Peripheral
Polygonal
Pruritus
Purple
Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes
CHAPS:
Cushing's syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome]
Aorta coarctation
Phaeochromocytoma
Stenosis of renal arteries
• Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary.
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Hepatomegaly: 3 causes
3 C's:
Cirrhosis
Carcinoma
Cardiac failure
MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI
"C-AST-Le" (castle):
CK-MB first
AST second
LDH third
• Also: can use the last 'E' for ESR.
Pulmonary embolism: risk factors
TOM SCHREPFER:
Trauma
Obesity
Malignancy
Surgery
Cardiac disease
Hospitalization
Rest [bed-ridden]
Elderly
Past history
Fracture
Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum]
Road trip
Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common symptoms
"PHEochromocytoma":
Palpitations
Headache
Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis)
Necrosis: the 4 types
"Life Can Get Complicated":
Liquifactive
Coagulation
Gangrene
Caseous
• 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'.

Thyroid carcinoma: features, prognosis of most popular
Most Popular is Papillary.
• Clinical features:
Papillae (branching)
Palpable lymph nodes
"Pupil" nuclei (Orphan Annie)
Psammoma bodies within lesion (often)
• Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%).
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones
Crohn's has Cobblestones on endoscopy.
Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis
DARK:
Diuretics
Alcohol
Renal disease
Kicked (trauma)
• And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"].
Paget's disease of bone: signs and symptoms
Four L's:
Larger hat size
Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve
Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face)
Light-headed (Paget's steal)
Wernicke-Korsakoff triad
Syndrome in alchoholics, who love to "drink CANs of beer":
Confusion
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis: findings
COAT RACK:
• Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute phase):
Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia
Ataxia
Thiamine tx.
• Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic phase):
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Confabulation
Korsakoff's psychosis
Atherosclerosis risk factors
"You're a SAD BET with these risk factors":
Sex: male
Age: middle-aged, elderly
Diabetes mellitus
BP high: hypertension
Elevated cholesterol
Tobacco
Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) : Doesn't Make Dystrophin.
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein).
Atherosclerosis risk factors
SHIFT MAID:
Smoking
Hypertension
(N)IDDM
Family history
Triglycerdides & fats
Male
Age
Inactivity
Diet / Drink
Parkinsonism: essential features
TRAPS:
Tremor (resting tremor)
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural changes (stooped)
Stare (serpentine stare)
• To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped.
Thrombus: possible fates
DOPE:
Dissolution
Organization & repair
Propagation
Embolization
Turner syndrome: components
CLOWNS:
Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)
Lymphoedema
Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)
Webbed neck
Nipples widely spaced
Short
MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI
"Time to CALL 911":
• From first to appear to last:
Troponin
CK-MB
AST
LDH1
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad
"PET WASP":
Pyrogenic infections
Eczema
Thrombocytopenia
• WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein.
• Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm.
Sarcoidosis summarized
SARCOIDOISIS:
Schaumann calcifications
Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy
Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells
Ocular lesions
Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase
Diabetes insipidus/ [D vit.] increase/ Dyspnea
Osteopathy
Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum)
Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1
Seventh CN palsy


Blood disorders: commoner sex
HE (male) gets:
HEmophilia (X-linked)
HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked)
HEmochromatosis (male predominance)
HEart attacks (male predominance)
HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance)
SHE (female) gets:
SHEehan's syndrome
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Thyroid storm characteristics
"Storm HITS girls cAMP":
Thyroid storm due to:
Hyperthyroidism
Infection or Illness at childbirth
Trauma
Surgery
• girls: Thyroid storm more common in females.
• cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP)
• Alternatively: "S#IT storm": Surgery, Hyperthyroidism, Infection/ Illness, Trauma.
Hypothyroidism/thyroiditis: maifestations and morphology
"A SCHISM among the Axis during WWII":
Addison disease
Subacute thyroiditis
Cretinism/ Cold intolerance/ Constipation
Hashimoto's disease
Infectious-subacute thyroiditis
Silent thyroiditis
Myxedema coma
• The Axis: Schimidt syndrome (when other endocrinology disorders accompany Hashimoto's disease) and "Hitler cells" (Hurthle cells, which are follicular epithelial cells with basophilic inculsions)
Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major risk factors
PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress syndrome):
Prematurity
Cesarean section
Diabetic mother
Deep venous thrombosis: genetic causes
ALASCA:
Antithrombin III
Leiden (Factor V)
APC (Activated Protein C)
S-protein deficiency
C-protein deficiency
Antiphospholipid antibody



Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone
"Particular Tumours Love Killing Bone":
Prostate
Thyroid
Lung
Kidney
Breast
Cushing syndrome
CUSHING:
Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne)
Urinary free corisol and glucose increase
Striae/ Suppressed immunity
Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism
Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids)
Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)
Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation
Apoptosis vs. necrosis
"LIFELESS" (since cells are dead):
• Differences are in:
Leaky membranes
Inflammatory response
Fate
Extent
Laddering
Energy dependent
Swell or shrink
Stimulus
• See attached table for apoptosis and necrosis properties for each of the above.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II
ketONE bodies are seen in type ONE diabetes.

Baldness risk factors
"Daddy Doesn't Deny Getting Hair Implants":
Diet
Disease
Drugs
Genes
Hormones
Injury to the scalp
Tabes Dorsalis morphology
DORSALIS:
Dorsal column degeneration
Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints)
Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
Shooting pain
Argyll-Robertson pupils
Locomotor ataxia
Impaired proprioception
Syphilis


Buerger's disease features
"burger SCRAPS":
Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis
Claudication (intermittent)
Raynaud's phenomenon
Associated with smoking
Pain, even at rest
Superficial nodular phlebitis
• Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], "CRISP PIG burgers":
Chronic ulceration
Raynaud's phenomenon
Intermittent claudication
Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis
Pain, even at rest
Phlebitis (superficial nodular)
Idiopathic
Gangrene
PKU findings
PKU:
Pale hair, skin
Krazy (neurological abnormalities)
Unpleasant smell
Emphysema: types, most important feature of each
"Cigarettes Is Primary Problem":
• Types:
Centrilobular
Irregular
Pancinar
Paraseptal
• Most important feature for each type (in order as above):
Cigarrettes
Inflammation healed to scar
Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin)
Pneumothorax
• "Cigarettes is primary problem" used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema.
• Keeping P's straight: Pan is antitrypsin.
Calcification: metastatic vs. dystrophic
Metastatic: Metabolism imbalance.
Dystrophic: Damaged tissue.
Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad
"Iron man triathalon":
Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues.
• Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad:
Swimming: Skin pigmentation
Biking: Bronze diabetes
Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis
• See diagram for visual equivalent.



COPD: 4 types and hallmark
ABCDE:
Asthma
Brochiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Dyspnea [hallmark of group]
Emphysema
• Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.
MEN I (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) syndrome: components
"Please Please Pay Attention To peptic ulceration, you worms":
• Adenomas of:
Pituatary
Pancreatic islets
Parathyroid
Adrenal cortex
Thyroid, associated with peptic ulceration
• Syndrome is called "Wermer's syndrome".
Lung cancer: presentation
ABCDE:
Snowball turned to Avalanche
Blood: hemoptysis
Cough
Distruption to airway in bronchus-->pneumonia
whEEzing
Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis
DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
Venography is gold standard
Tenderness of Thigh and calf
Addison's disease: features
ADDISON:
Autoimmune
DIC (meningcoccus)
Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency
Iatrogenic
Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis
hypOtension/ hypOnatermia
Nelson's syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH]
Breast cancer: risk assessment
"Risk can be assessed by History ALONE":
History (family, previous episode)
Abortion/ Age (old)
Late menopause
Obesity
Nulliparity
Early menarche


McArdle's syndrome
MCARDLES:
Myoglobinuria
Cramping after exercise
Accumulated glycogen
Recessive inheritance
Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase
Lactate levels fail to rise
Elevated creatine kinase
Skeletal muscle only
Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components
MEN III is a disease of 3 M's:
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma)
Mucosal neuroma
Ulcerative colitis: features
ULCERATIONS:
Ulcers
Large intestine
Carcinoma [risk]
Extraintestinal manifestations
Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps]
Abscesses in crypts
Toxic megacolon [risk]
Inflamed, red, granular mucosa
Originates at rectum
Neutrophil invasion
Stools bloody
Virchow's triad (venous thrombosis)
"VIRchow":
Vascular trauma
Increased coagulability
Reduced blood flow (stasis)
Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group
"Explaining Hot Neck Stiffness":
• In order from birth to death:
E. coli [infants]
Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids]
Neisseria meningitis [young adults]
Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks]
Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors
ENDOMET:
Elderly
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Obesity
Menstrual irregularity
Estrogen therapy
hyperTension




Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation
• Morphology is poly-C:
Cysts
Capsule thickened
Cortical stromal fibrosis
• Clinical presentation is OVARY:
Obese
Virilism or hirsutism
Amenorrhoea
Reproductive problem [infertile]
Young woman
Parkinson's disease: symptoms
PQRST:
Paucity of expression
parQinson
Rigidity (cogwheel)
Stooped posture
Tremor at rest
• If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor", look at the last 3 letters: RST.
Kawasaki disease: features
Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.
Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.
Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.
Fever: thermometer.
Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.
Generalized rash: rash dots.
Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.
Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.
Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.
Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.
• See diagram.
Interstitial lung disease: causes
SARCOIDI:
Sarcoidosis
Allergic reaction
Radiation
Connective tissue disease
Occupational exposure
Infection
Drugs
Idiopathic
Herpes I and II: lab findings.
She's an odd chick: whenever she's in a restaurant, she always orders Her Peas and Cow dry.
Herpes I and II have Cowdry Type A inclusion bodies of Medicine, Haifa, Israel


Rheumatoid arthritis: features
RHEUMATOID:
Ragocytes/ Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG)
HLA-DR4/ HLA-Dw4
ESR increase/ Extra-articular features (restrictive lung disease, subcutaneous nodules)
Ulnar deviation
Morning stiffness/ MCP joint
Ankylosis/ Atlantoaxial joint subluxation/ Autoimmune/ ANA
T-cells (CD4)/ TNF
Osteopenia
Inflammatory synovial tissue/ Idiopathic/ IL-1
Deformities (swan-neck, boutonniere)
Neuroblastoma: features
N-MYC:
Nuclei have "double minutes"
Malignant
Young
Catecholamine secreting
• And hallmark is n-myc amplification.
Lou Gehrig's is both upper and lower motor neuron signs
LoU = Lower & Upper.
Dandy-Walker syndrome: components
"Dandy Walker Syndrome":
Dilated 4th ventricle
Water on the brain
Small vermis
Cerebral palsy: general features
PALSY:
Paresis
Ataxia
Lagging motor development
Spasticity
Young
Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms
HIPPEL:
Hemanigoblastomas
Increased renal cancer
Pheochromocytoma
Port-wine stains
Eye dysfunction
Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts
• Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above.
Bronchial obstruction: consequences
APPLE BABE:
Atelectasis
Pleural adhesions
Pleuritis
Lipid pneumonia
Effusion->organisation->fibrosis
Bronchiectasis
Abscess
Broncho and lobar pneumonia
Emphysema
Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms
MARBLES:
Multiple fractures
Anemia
Restricted cranial nerves
Blind & deaf
Liver enlarged
Erlenmeyer flask deformity
Splenomegaly
• Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram).
Heart failure causes
"HEART MAy DIE":
Hypertension
Embolism
Anemia
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)
Myocardial infarct
Arrythmia
Y
Diet & lifestyle
Infection
Endocarditis
Renal failure: causes
AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis
Vascular obstruction
Infection
Diffuse intravascular coagulation
Glomerular disease
Urinary obstruction
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
Thyrotoxicosis syndrome: signs and symptoms
"A Penny For Every Symptom That Hyperthyroidism Will Make Grossly Evident":
Anxiety
Palpitations/ Pulse rapid
Fatigability
Emotional lability
Sweating
Tremor
Heat intolerance
Weight loss with good appetite
Muscular weakness/ Menstrual changes
Goitre
Eye changes


Peptic ulcer: associated causative factors
SHAZAM:
Smoking
Hypercalcemia
Aspirin
Zollinger-Ellison
Acidity
MEN type I
• These may work with H. pylori to promote ulceration, or may act alone.
Carcinoid syndrome: components
CARCinoid:
Cutaneous flushing
Asthmatic wheezing
Right sided valvular heart lesions
Cramping and diarrhea
Anemia causes (simplified)
ANEMIA:
Anemia of chronic disease
No folate or B12
Ethanol
Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies
Iron deficient
Acute & chronic blood loss
Gynecomastia: causes
DaLAS:
Digitalis
Leydig cell tumors
Alcohol
Sertoli cell tumors
Pick's disease: location, action, epidemiology
• See figure.
Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman's cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy.
2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal.
An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women.
Multiple sclerosis (MS): pathology
MS attacks the Myelin Sheath, resulting in plaques.

Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers
NASOPharyngeal:
Nasophayngeal
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Olfactory neuroblastoma
Plasmacytoma
TB: features
TB is characterised by 4 C's:
Caseation
Calcification
Cavitation
Cicatrization
Gallstones: risk factors
5 F's:
Fat
Female
Family history
Fertile
Forty
Pancoast tumor: relationship with Horner's syndrome
"Horner has a MAP of the Coast":
A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner's syndrome, which is MAP:
Miosis
Anhidrosis
Ptosis
Pericarditis: findings
PERICarditis:
Pulsus paradoxus
ECG changes
Rub
Increased JVP
Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward]
Calculi: types
CAlCUli:
Calcium
Ammonium magnesium phosphate
Cystine
Uric acid
Fat embolism: findings
"Fat, Bat, Fract":
Fat in urine, sputum
Bat-wing lung x-ray
Fracture history
• Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli.
Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding
"Birbeck's rackets is X":
Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X.
Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation.
• See diagram.
Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings
Pseduogout crystals are:
Positive birefringent
Polygon shaped
• Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals.
• Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.


APKD: signs, complications, accelerators
11 B's:
• Signs:
Bloody urine
Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain]
Blood pressure up
Bigger kidneys
Bumps palpable
• Complications:
Berry aneurysm
Biliary cysts
Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems]
• Accelerators:
Boys
Blacks
Blood pressure high
Barter's syndrome: pathogenesis, major sign
Barter: "In exchange for giving away Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".

---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, New York

Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus
FLAME:
Fatty Liver
Anemia
Malabsorption
Edema
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---Chris UMF Bucharest

Hemolytic anemia types
SHEEP T!T:
Sickle cell
Heriditary splenocytosis
Enzyme deficiencies: [G6P, pyruvate kinase]
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Trauma to RBCs
Immunohemolytics: [warm Ab, cold Ag]
Thalassemias: [alpha, beta]
Oral cancer risks
PATH LAB:
Plummer-vinson syndrome
Alcohol
Tobacco
Human papilloma virus
Leukoplakia
Asbestos
Bad oral hygiene
Pneumothorax: presentation
P-THORAX:
Pleuretic pain
Trachea deviation
Hyperresonance
Onset sudden
Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
Absent fremitus
X-*** shows collapse
Disseminated Intravascular Cogulation: causes
DIC:
Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications)
Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological
Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach)
• Obstretrical complications are TEAR:
Toxemia of pregnancy
Emboli (amniotic)
Abrutio placentae
Retain fetus products

Leukemias: acute vs. chronic rules of thumb
ABCDE:
Acute is:
Blasts predominate
Children
Drastic course
Elderly
Few WBC's (so Fevers)
• Chronic is all the opposites:
Mature cells predominate
Middle aged
Less debilitating course
Elevated WBC's, so not a history of fevers and infections
Pancreatitis: causes
PANCREATITIS:
Posterior
Alcohol
Neoplasm
Cholelithiasis
Rx (lasix, AZT)
ERCP
Abdominal surgery
Trauma
Infection (mumps)
Triglycerides elevated
Idiopathic
Scorpion bite
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs
FAT RN:
Fever
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal problems
Neurologic dysfunction


Scrotum masses
SHOVE IT:
Spermatocele
Hydrocele/ Haematocele
Orchitis
Varicocele
Epidymal cyst
Indirect inguinal hernia
Torsion/ Tumor
Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria
CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:
Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
Idiopathic polymorphic rash
Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]
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---Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada

Seronegative spondyloarthopathy: diseases
RAPE:
Reiter's syndrome
Ankylosing spondylitis
Psoriatic arthitis
Enteropathic arthitis (IBD)
Protein C, Protein S: function
C and S are:
Clot
Stoppers
• These proteins inhibit coagulation.
Melanoma vs. basal cell, squamous cell carcinoma: metastatic ability
MElanoma is more likely to
MEtastasize.
• Basal and squamous hardly ever metastasize.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: aetiology, features
ABC:
Aetiology:
Aflatoxins
Hep B
Cirrhosis
• Features:
AFP increased (classic marker)
Bile-producing (DDx from cholangiocarcinoma)
Commonest primary liver tumor
Goitre: differential
GOITRE:
Goitrogens
Onset of puberty
Iodine deficiency
Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto's]
Reproduction [pregnancy]
Enzyme deficiencies
Renal failure (chronic): consequences
ABCDEFG:
Anemia
-due to less EPO
Bone alterations
-osteomalacia
-osteoporosis
-von Recklinghausen
Cardiopulmonary
-atherosclerosis
-CHF
-hypertension
-pericarditis
D vitamin loss
Electrolyte imbalance
-sodium loss/gain
-metabolic acidosis
-hyperkalemia
Feverous infections
-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards
GI disturbances
-haemorrhagic gastritis
-peptic ulcer disease
-intractable hiccups
Adrenal disorders: Cushing's vs Addison's
Cushing: is Gushing cortisol.
In Addison's: patient's cortisol doesn't Add up.
Aneurysm types
MAD SCAB:
Mycotic
Atherosclerotic
Dissecting
Syphilitic
Capillary microaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
Berry
Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings
"Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria
Lipid up
Edema
Albumin down
Cholesterol up
• In nephrotic, the proteins leak out.


Ovarian cancers: important types, by WHO classification
• Surface:
"My Sister Began Experiencing Cancer":
Mucinous
Serous
Brenner
Endometrioid
Clear
• Germ cell:
"Doctor Examined The Ovaries":
Dysgerminoma
Endometrial sinus
Teratoma
Ovarian choriocarcinoma
• Sex cord:
"She Felt Grim":
Sertoli-Leydig
Fibroma
Granulosa-theca
• Metastatic
"Killed":
Krukenberg
Pancreatitis: causes
BAD S#!T:
Biliary: gallstones, 1% of ERCP patients
Alcoholism/ Azotemia
Drugs
Scorpion bite/ Sea anenome/ SLE
Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia
Idiopathic/ Infectious (mumps, coxsackie, salmonella, ascariasis)
Tumor/ Trauma
• The drugs are: penacillamine, furosemide, thiazides, ethacrynic acid, steroids, sulfas, ace inhibitors, N-SAIDs, erythromycin, estrogen.
Fragile-X syndrome: features
DSM-4:
Discontinued chromosome staining
Shows anticipation
Male (male more affected)
Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)
Macrognathia
Macroorchidism
Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors
HONDA:
Hypertension
Obesity
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Age (increased)

Kawasaki's disease: features
FEAR ME:
Fever
Eye: perilimbic sparing conjunctival injection
Adenopathy: usually cervical
Rash
Mouth: red lips
Extremities: red hands and feet
• Disease to be feared because of risk of coronary aneurysms.
Pheochromocytoma: common symptoms
5 P's:
Paroxysmal rise in BP
Palpitations
Perspiration
Pain in abdomen
PMV in urine
IBD: extraintestinal manifestations
"Left intestine to sail the SEAS of the rest of the body":
Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum
Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis
Arthritis
Sclerosing cholangitis
MI: complications
"LEAP on the MAP":
LVF
Embolism (systemic)
Aneurysm (ventricular)
Progressive infarction
Myocardial rupture
Arrhythmia
Pericarditis
Portal hypertension: features
ABCDE:
Ascites
Bleeding (haematemesis, piles)
Caput medusae
Diminished liver
Enlarged spleen
Alzheimer's disease: features
RONALD (Ronald Reagan, a famous victim):
Reduction of Ach
Old age
Neurofibrillary tangles
Atrophy of cerebral cortex (diffuse)
Language impairment
Dementia (MC in elderly)/ Down’s syndrome
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---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Gout: major features
GOUT:
Great toe
One joint (75% monoarticular)
Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis)
Tophi



Hypersplenism: criteria
"Hyper Splenism Ravages Cells":
Hypercellular or normal marrow
Splenomegaly
Response to splenectomy
Cytopenias
Whipple's disease: full features
WHIPPLES:
Weight loss
Hyperpigmentation of skin
Infection with tropheryma whippelii
PAS positive granules in macrophage
Polyarthritis
Lymphadenopathy
Enteric involvement
Steatorrhea
Pick's disease: features
PICK:
Progressive degeneration of neurons
Intracytoplasmic Pick bodies
Cortical atrophy
Knife edge gyri
Alzheimer's disease (AD): associations, findings
AD:
• Associations:
Aluminum toxicity
Acetylcholine deficiencies
Amyloid B
Apolipoprotein gene E
Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert
Down's
• Findings:
Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies)
Atrophy of brain
Amyloid plaques
Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation
DNA-coiled tangles
Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed

Osteomalacia: features
"Vit-D deficiency in ADULT":
Acetabuli protrusio
Decresed bone density
Under mineralization of osteoid
Looser’s zone (pseudofracture)
Triradiate pelvis (females)
Anemia (normocytic): causes
ABCD:
Acute blood loss
Bone marrow failure
Chronic disease
Destruction (hemolysis)
Phaeochromocytoma: diagnositc rule
• Rule of 10's:
10% ectopic
10% multiple
10% malignant
Hematuria: urethral causes
NUTS:
Neoplasm
Urethritis
Tumour
Stone
CREST sydrome: components
CREST:
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomena
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangectasia
TTP: clinical features
Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:
Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
Renal failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ER admission (as it is an emergency)

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome
PARIS:
Post-streptococcal
Alport's
RPGN
IgA nephropathy
SLE
• Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic nephritic list].
Osteosarcoma: features
PEARL HARBOR:
Paget's disease (10-20%)*
Early age (10-20 yrs)
Around knee
Raised periosteum by expanding tumor: "sunburst pattern"
Lace-like architecture
Hyaline arteoriosclerosis
Alkaline phosphatase increased
Retinoblastoma*
Boys, predominantly
Osteomyelitis DDx
Radiation*
• Sunburst pattern was Japanese Navy emblem during WWII.
*: Predisposing factors.


Edwards' syndrome: characteristics
EDWARDS:
Eighteen (trisomy)
Digit overlapping flexion
Wide head
Absent intellect (mentally retarded)
Rocker-bottom feet
Diseased heart
Small lower jaw
Fragile X syndrome: features
FEMALES
FMR1 gene
Exhibits anticpation
Macro-orchidism
Autism
Long face with large jaw
Everted eyes
Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation
Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1 treatment
aCHAlasia:
1 possible cause: CHAgas' disease
1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers
Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease
TIBC levels at the:
Top=Iron deficiency.
Bottom=Chronic disease.

[Anonymous]

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