Anatomy cells

[Anonymous]

Q: Define anisocytosis.
A: varying cell sizes

Q: Define poikilocytosis
A: varying cell shapes

Q: From which cells do B cells arise?
A: stem cells in bone marrow

Q: From which cells do plasma cells differentiate?
A: B cells

Q: How can a Nissl stain be used to differentiate microglia from oligodendroglia?
A: Microglia are not discernable in a Nissl stain while oligodendroglia appear as small dark nuclei with dark chromatin

Q: In what type of CNS tissue (white or grey) are oligodendroglia predominant?
A: white matter

Q: Into what cell type does a monocyte differentiate in tissues?
A: Macrophages

Q: Name 2 substances produced by an eosinophil.
A: histiminase and arylsulfatase

Q: Name the three types of leukocytic granulocytes.
A: basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

Q: Name the two types of mononuclear leukocytes.
A: lymphocytes and monocytes

Q: What are 2 functions of T cell lymphocytes?
A: - cellular immune response
A: - regulation of B lymphocytes and macrophages

Q: What are 2 morphological features of microglia?
A: - small irregular nuclei
A: - and relatively little cytoplasm

Q: What are 3 examples of peripheral lymphoid tissue?
A: - follicles of lymph nodes
A: - white pulp of spleen
A: - unencapsulated lymphoid tissue

Q: What are 3 functions of a macrophage?
A: - pagocytosis of bacteria, cell debris, and senescent red cells
A: - scavenges damaged cells and tissues
A: - can function as an antigen presenting cell

Q: What are 3 morphological characteristics of monocytes?
A: - Large
A: - Kidney-shaped nucleus
A: - Extensive 'frosted glass' cytoplasm

Q: What are 4 characteristics of the plasma cell morphology?
A: - Off center nucleus
A: - Clock face chromatin distribution
A: - Abundant RER
A: - Well developed Golgi apparatus

Q: What are 4 morphologic characteristics of lymphocytes?
A: - Round
A: - Small
A: - Densely staining nucleus
A: - Small amount of pale cytoplasm

Q: What are 4 substances contained within the lysosomes of neutrophils?
A: - hydrolytic enzymes
A: - lysozyme
A: - myeloperoxidase
A: - lactoferrin

Q: What are 4 types of cells into which T cells differentiate?
A: - cytotoxic T cells (MHC I, CD8)
A: - helper T cells (MHCII, CD4)
A: - suppressor T cells
A: - delayed hypersensitivity T cells

Q: What are the 5 important causes for eosinophilia in humans?
A: Neoplastic, Asthma, Allergic process, Collagen vascular disease, and Parasites (pneumonic NAACP)

Q: What are the blood cell diffenentiation names of the ACTIVE T CELL line beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
A: - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
A: - Lymphoblast
A: - T cell
A: - Active T cell

Q: What are the blood cell differentiation names of the ERYTHROCYTE cell line beginning with pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
A: - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
A: - Proerythroblast
A: - Reticulocyte
A: - Erythrocyte

Q: What are the blood cell differentiation names of the MONOCYTE cell lines beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (3)
A: - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
A: - Mono blast
A: - Monocyte

Q: What are the blood cell differentiation names of the NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL, and BASOPHIL cell lines beginning with the myeloblast stage? (6)
A: - Myeloblast
A: - Promyelocyte
A: - Myelocyte
A: - Metamyelocyte
A: - Stab cell
A: - Neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil

Q: What are the blood cell differentiation names of the PLASMA CELL line beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
A: - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
A: - Lymphoblast
A: - B cell
A: - Plasma cell

Q: What are the blood cell differentiation names of the PLATELET CELL line beginning with the hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
A: - Pluripotento hematopoietic stem cell
A: - Megakaryoblast
A: - Megakaryocyte
A: - Platelets

Q: What are the components of the air-blood barrier?
A: - Type I pneumocyte
A: - tight junction
A: - endothelial cell

Q: What are the steps of maturation of a B cell? (2 points)
A: - maturation in the marrow
A: - migration to peripheral lymphoid tissue

Q: What are the substances contained within the densly basophilic granules of the basophil? (4)
A: - Heparin (anticoagulant)
A: - histamine (vasodilator)
A: - vasoactive amines
A: - Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

Q: What are two basic morphological characteristics of neutrophils?
A: - multilobed nucleus
A: - large, spherical azurophilic primary granules (lysosomes)

Q: What are two important functions of a neutrophil?
A: - acute inflammmatory response of a cell
A: - phagocytosis

Q: What are two names for an increased number of red cells?
A: Erythrocytosis and polycythemia

Q: What cell type closely resembles a mast cell?
A: basophil

Q: What cranial nerves are commonly involved in an acoustic neuroma?
A: CN VII, VIII (association with internal acoustic meatus)

Q: What disease is characterized by destruction of oligodendroglia?
A: Multiple sclerosis

Q: What does CD stand for?
A: cluster of differentiation

Q: What drug prevents mast cell degranulation?
A: Cromolyn sodium

Q: What immunoglobulin can bind to the membrane of a mast cell?
A: IgE

Q: What is a reticulocyte?
A: a baby (developing) erythrocyte

Q: What is an important example of a Schwannoma?
A: Acoustic neuroma

Q: What is another name for pulmonary sufractant?
A: DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine)

Q: What is percentage of leukocytes in the blood exist as basophils?
A: less than 1%

Q: What is the 'gap' between the myelination segment of 2 Schwann cells called?
A: Node of Ranvier

Q: What is the advantage of the large surface area:volume ratio in erythrocytes?
A: easy gas exchange (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide)

Q: What is the basic morphologic structure of an erythrocyte?
A: Anucleate, biconcave

Q: What is the basic morphology of an eosinophil? (2 things)
A: - bilobate nucleus
A: - packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size

Q: What is the embryologic origin of microglia?
A: mesoderm

Q: What is the function of Interferon gamma with relation to macrophages?
A: macrophage activation

Q: What is the function of microglia?
A: phagocytosis in CNS

Q: What is the function of oligodendroglia?
A: myelination of multiple CNS axons

Q: What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?
A: lowers alveolar surface tension and prevents atelectasis

Q: What is the function of Schwann cells?
A: myelination of PNS (a Schwann cell myelinates only one PNS axon)

Q: What is the importance of the lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio?
A: > 2.0 in fetal lung is indicative of fetal lung maturity

Q: What is the importance of the physiologic chloride shift in erythrocytes?
A: Membranes contain the chloride bicarbonate antiport allowing the RBC to transport carbon dioxide from the the lung periphery for elimination.

Q: What is the last segment of lung tissue in which ciliated cells are found?
A: respiratory bronchioles

Q: What is the last segment of lung tissue in which goblet cells are found?
A: terminal broncioles (remember ciliated cells sweep away mucous produced by goblet cells and therefore run deeper)

Q: What is the primary function of a basophil?
A: Mediates allergic reactions

Q: What is the primary function of a leukocyte?
A: Defense against infections

Q: What is the primary function of a mast cell?
A: Mediates allergic reactions

Q: What is the primary function of a plasma cell?
A: production of large amounts of a specific antibody to a particular antigen

Q: What is the primary source of energy for erythrocytes?
A: glucose (90% anaerobically degraded to lactate, 10% by HMP shunt)

Q: What is the process of degranulation in mast cells?
A: release of histamine, heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factors

Q: What is the range of concentration for leukocytes in the blood?
A: 4,000 - 10,000 cells per microliter

Q: What is the response of an eosiniphil to antigen antibody complexes?
A: high degree of phagocytosis

Q: What is the response of microglia to tissue dammage?
A: transformation into large ameboid phagocytic cells

Q: What is the response to microglia infected with HIV?
A: fusion to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS

Q: What is the survival time for an erythrocyte?
A: 120 days

Q: What pathognomonic change is seen in neutrophils of a person who is folate/vitamin B12 deficient?
A: hypersegmented polys

Q: What percentage of leukocytes exist as eosinophils in the blood?
A: 1 - 6%

Q: What percentage of leukocytes exist as neutrophils in the blood?
A: 40 - 75%

Q: What percentage of leukocytes in blood are monocytes?
A: 2 - 10%

Q: What process occurs when type I pneumocytes are damaged?
A: Type II pneumocytes develop into type I

Q: What substance in eosinophilic granules is primarily responsible for defense against helminths and protozoan infections?
A: major basic protein

Q: Where is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes?
A: Thymus

Q: Which cell type constituitively secretes pulmonary surfactant?
A: Type II pneumocyte

Q: Which cell type lines the alveoli?
A: Type I pneumocyte

Q: Which leukemia is the result of plasma cell neoplasm?
A: Multiple myeloma

Q: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is a mast cell involved in?
A: Type I hypersensitivity reaction

Q: Which type of immunity do B cells exhibit?
A: humoral immunity