NeuroAnatomy Q&a

[Anonymous]

Q: According to the Homunculus man, place the following in order (from medial to lateral). hand, foot, tongue, face, trunk
A: foot, trunk, hand, face, tongue

Q: (T or F) Can Bell's palsy occur idiopathically?
A: true

Q: (T or F) Can fasiculations be present in a LMN lesion?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Is the anterior nucleus of the thalamus part of the limbic system?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Is the cingulate gyrus part of the limbic system?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Is the Entrorhinal cortex part of the limbic system?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Is the hippocampal formation part of the limbic system?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Is the mammillary body part of the limbic system?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Is the septal area part of the limbic system?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Thoracic outlet syndrome results in atrophy of the interosseous muscles?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Thoracic outlet syndrome results in atrophy of the thenar and hypothenar eminences?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Thoracic outlet syndrome results in disappearance of the radial pulse upon moving the head to the opposite side?
A: True

Q: (T or F) Thoracic outlet syndrome results in sensory deficits on the medial side of the forearm and hand?
A: True

Q: A lesion of the globus pallidus causes what disease?
A: Wilson's disease

Q: A lesion of the mammillary bodies (bilateraly) produces what?
A: Wernicke-Korsakoff's encephalopathy (confabulations, anterograde amnesia)

Q: A lesion of the optic chiasm produces?
A: bitemporal hemianopsia

Q: A lesion of the right dorsal optic radiation (parietal lesion) produces?
A: left lower quadrantic anopsia (a temporal lesion)

Q: A lesion of the right Meyer's loop (temporal lobe) produces?
A: left upper quadrantic anopsia (a temporal lesion)

Q: A lesion of the right optic nerve produces?
A: right anopsia

Q: A lesion of the right optic tract produces?
A: left homonymous hemianopsia

Q: A lesion of the right visual fibers just prior to the visual cortex produces?
A: left hemianopsia with macular sparing

Q: A lesion of the Striatum can cause which 2 diseases?
A: Huntington's and Wilson's disease

Q: A positive Babinski is an indicator for a (UMN or LMN) lesion?
A: UMN lesion

Q: A rupture of the middle menigeal artery causes what type of hematoma? (epidural or subdural)
A: epidural hematoma

Q: A rupture of the superior cerebral veins causes what type of hematoma? (epidural or subdural)
A: subdural hematoma

Q: An aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery may cause what type of defects?
A: visual defects

Q: An aneurysm of what artery may cause CN III palsy?
A: posterior communicating artery

Q: Are D1 neurons in the basal ganglia inhibitory or excitatory?
A: Excitatory

Q: Are D2 neurons in the basal ganglia inhibitory or excitatory?
A: Inhibitory

Q: Beginning with anterior communicating artery describe the path around the circle of Willis.
A: ant. comm. - ACA - ICA - post. comm. - PCA - PCA - post. comm. - ICA - ACA - ant. comm.

Q: Bell's Palsy is seen as a complication in what 5 things?
A: AIDS, Lyme disease, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, Diabetes (ALexander Bell with STD)

Q: Brodmann's area 17 is?
A: principal visual cortex

Q: Brodmann's area 22 is?
A: Wernicke's area (associative auditory cortex)

Q: Brodmann's area 3,1,2 is?
A: principal sensory area

Q: Brodmann's area 4 is?
A: principal motor area

Q: Brodmann's area 41, 42 is?
A: primary auditory cortex

Q: Brodmann's area 44, 45 is?
A: Broca's area (motor speech)

Q: Brodmann's area 6 is?
A: premotor area

Q: Brodmann's area 8 is?
A: frontal eye movement and pupilary change area

Q: CN I has what function?
A: smell

Q: CN I passes through what 'hole'?
A: cribriform plate

Q: CN II has what function?
A: sight

Q: CN II passes through what 'hole'?
A: optic canal

Q: CN III has what 4 functions?
A: eye movement, pupil constriction, accommodation, eyelid opening

Q: CN III inervates what 5 muscles.
A: medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris

Q: CN III passes through what 'hole'?
A: superior orbital fissure

Q: CN IV has what function?
A: eye movement

Q: CN IV inervates what muscle.
A: superior oblique

Q: CN IV passes through what 'hole'?
A: superior orbital fissure

Q: CN IX has what 4 functions?
A: posterior 1/3 taste, swallowing, salivation (parotid), monitoring carotid body and sinus

Q: CN IX passes through what 'hole'?
A: jugular foramen

Q: CN V has what 2 functions?
A: mastication, facial sensation

Q: CN V1 passes through what 'hole'?
A: superior orbital fissure

Q: CN V2 passes through what 'hole'?
A: foramen rotundum

Q: CN V3 passes through what 'hole'?
A: foramen ovale

Q: CN VI has what function?
A: eye movement

Q: CN VI inervates what muscle.
A: lateral rectus

Q: CN VI passes through what 'hole'?
A: superior orbital fissure

Q: CN VII has what 4 functions?
A: facial movement, anterior 2/3 taste, lacrimation, salivation(SL, SM glands)

Q: CN VII passes through what 'hole'?
A: internal auditory meatus

Q: CN VIII has what 2 functions?
A: hearing, balance

Q: CN VIII passes through what 'hole'?
A: internal auditory meatus

Q: CN X has what 5 functions?
A: taste, swallowing, palate elevation, talking, thoracoabdominal viscera

Q: CN X passes through what 'hole'?
A: jugular foramen

Q: CN XI has what 2 functions?
A: head turning, shoulder shrugging

Q: CN XI passes through what 'hole'?
A: jugular foramen (descending) -- foramen magnum (ascending)

Q: CN XII has what function?
A: tounge movements

Q: CN XII passes through what 'hole'?
A: hypoglossal canal

Q: Complete the muscle spindle reflex arc by placing the following in order: alpha motor, Ia afferent, muscle stretch, extrafusal contraction, intrafusal stretch.
A: muscle stretch - intrafusal stretch - Ia afferent - alpha motor - extrafusal contraction

Q: Extrafusal fibers are innervated by what motor neuron?
A: alpha motor neuron

Q: From which 3 spinal roots does long thoracic nerve arises?
A: C5, C6, C7

Q: General sensory/motor dysfunction and aphasia are caused by stroke of the? (ant. circle or post. circle)
A: anterior circle

Q: Give 3 characteristics of a LMN lesion.
A: atrophy, flaccid paralysis, absent deep tendon reflexes

Q: Give 3 charateristics of internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)
A: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze, nystagmus in abducted eye, normal convergence.

Q: Give 4 characteristics of an UMN lesion.
A: spastic paralysis, increased deep tendon reflexes, + Babinski, minor to no atrophy

Q: Golgi tendon organs send their signal via what nerve?
A: group Ib afferents

Q: Horner's Syndrome is present if the lesion in Brown-Sequard is above what level?
A: T1

Q: How are the fibers of the corticospinal tract laminated? (legs/arms medial or lateral?)
A: arms- medial, legs-lateral

Q: How are the fibers of the dorsal column laminated? (legs/arms medial or lateral?)
A: legs-medial, arms-lateral

Q: How are the fibers of the spinothalmic tract laminated? (sacral/cervical medial or lateral?)
A: cervical-medial, sacral-lateral

Q: How do glucose and amino acids cross the blood-brain barrier?
A: carrier-mediated transport mechanism

Q: How does the hypothalamus control the adenohypophysis?
A: via releasing factors (ie. TRH, CRF, GnRF, etc.)

Q: Huntington's patients typically have what type of movements?
A: Chorea

Q: If the radial nerve is lesioned, what 2 reflexes are lost?
A: triceps reflex and brachioradialis reflex

Q: If you break your humerus mid-shaft, which nerve would likely injure?
A: radial nerve

Q: If you break your medial epicondyle of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure?
A: ulnar nerve

Q: If you break your supracondyle of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure?
A: median nerve

Q: If you break your surgical neck of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure?
A: axillary nerve

Q: In a lesion of the radial nerve, what muscle is associated with wrist drop?
A: extensor carpi radialis longus

Q: Intrafusal fibers are encapsulated and make up muscle spindles that send their signal via what nerve?
A: group Ia afferents

Q: Intrafusal fibers are innervated by what motor neuron?
A: gamma motor neuron

Q: Is Bell's palsy an UMN or a LMN lesion?
A: LMN

Q: Is the Babinski reflex (positive or negative) when the big toe dorsiflexes and the other toes fan-out?
A: positive (pathologic)

Q: Name 2 locations for lesions in Syringomyelia?
A: ventral white commissure and ventral horns

Q: Name 3 locations for lesions in Vit.B12 neuropathy(Friedreich's ataxia)?
A: dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and spinocerebellar tracts

Q: Name 7 functions of the hypothalamus?
A: Thirst/waterbalance, Adenohypophysis control, Neurohypophysis control, Hunger/satiety, Autonomic regulation, Temperature regulation, Sexual emotions. TAN HATS

Q: Name the 4 foramina that are in the posterior cranial fossa?
A: internal auditory meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, and foramen magnum.

Q: Name the 5 foramina that are in the middle cranial fossa?
A: optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum.

Q: Name the 5 functions of the Limbic system?
A: Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight, sex (F--K) [the famous 5 F's]

Q: Name the 5 segments of the brachial plexus in order from proximal to distal.
A: roots - trunks - divisions - cords - branches

Q: Name the type of movement with slow writhing movements (esp. the fingers)?
A: Athetosis

Q: Name the type of movement with sudden, jerky, purposeless movements?
A: Chorea

Q: Name the type of movement with sudden, wild flailing of one arm?
A: Hemiballismus

Q: Neurons from the globus pallidus have what action on the ventral anterior nucleus?
A: Inhibitory

Q: Neurons from the striatum have what action on the globus pallidus?
A: Inhibitory

Q: Place the following in order (from light entering the eye to reflex). Pretectal nuclei, pupillary constrictor muscle, retina, ciliary ganglion, Edinger-Westphal nuclei, CN II, CN III.
A: retina, CN II, pretectal nuclei, Edinger-Westphal nuclei, CN III, ciliary ganglion, pupillary constrictor muscle

Q: Stimulation from the paraventricular nucleus cause the release of what hormone?
A: oxytocin

Q: Stimulation from the supraoptic nucleus cause the release of what hormone?
A: ADH (vasopressin)

Q: The Blood-Brain Barrier is formed by what 3 structures?
A: choriod plexus epithelium, intracerebral capillary endothelium, astrocytes. (First Aid says Arachnoid but the brains say that’s a typo)

Q: The central retinal artery is a branch off what larger artery?
A: ophthalmic artery

Q: The embryologic defect of having a cervical rib can compress what 2 structures?
A: subclavian artery and inferior trunk of the brachial plexus

Q: The fasciculus cuneatus contains fibers from the upper or lower body?
A: upper extremities

Q: The fasciculus gracilis contains fibers from the upper or lower body?
A: lower extremities

Q: The hippocampal formation is connected to the mammillary body and septal area via what structure?
A: fornix

Q: The hippocampus has input from what two areas?
A: entorhinal cortex, septal area

Q: The hippocampus has output to what two areas?
A: mammillary body, septal area

Q: The infraorbital nerve is a branch off what larger nerve?
A: CN V2

Q: The Nucleus Ambiguus has fibers from what 3 CNs?
A: CN IX, X, XII

Q: The Nucleus Solitarius has fibers from what 3 CNs?
A: CN VII, IX, X

Q: Traction or tear of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus causes what syndrome?
A: Erb-Duchenne palsy (waiter's tip)

Q: Vertigo, ataxia, visual deficits, and coma are caused by stroke of the? (ant. circle or post. circle)
A: posterior circle

Q: Visual fibers from the lateral geniculate body terminate on the upper and lower banks of what fissure?
A: Calcarine fissure

Q: What 1 nerve root is assoc. with the achilles reflex?
A: S1

Q: What 1 nerve root is assoc. with the biceps reflex?
A: C5

Q: What 1 nerve root is assoc. with the patella reflex?
A: L4

Q: What 1 nerve root is assoc. with the triceps reflex?
A: C7

Q: What 2 areas have sensation deficit in a lesion of the median nerve?
A: lateral palm/thumb and the radial 2 1/2 fingers

Q: What 2 areas have sensation deficit in a lesion of the ulnar nerve?
A: medial palm and the ulnar 1 1/2 fingers

Q: What 2 cutaneus nerves are lost in a lesion of the radial nerve?
A: posterior brachial cutaneous and posterior antebrachial cutaneous

Q: What 2 spinal roots make up the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
A: C8, T1

Q: What 2 spinal roots make up the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?
A: C5, C6

Q: What 2 structures pass through the internal auditory meatus?
A: CN VII, VIII

Q: What 2 symptoms are seen with a lesion of the musculocutaneus nerve?
A: difficulty flexing the arm, variable sensory loss

Q: What 2 symptoms are seen with a lesion of the ulnar nerve?
A: weak intrinsic muscles of the hand, Pope's blessing

Q: What 3 blood barriers does the body have?
A: blood-brain, blood-gas, blood-testis

Q: What 3 muscles are lost in a lesion of the musculocutaneous nerve?
A: coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis

Q: What 3 muscles are lost in a lesion of the radial nerve?
A: triceps brachii, brachioradialis, and extensor carpi radialis longus

Q: What 3 structures pass through the foramen magnum?
A: spinal roots of CN XI(ascending), brainstem, vertebral arteries

Q: What 3 structures pass through the optic canal?
A: CN II, ophthalmic artery, central retinal vein

Q: What 4 'muscles' does the radial nerve innervate?
A: Brachioradialis, Extensors of the wrist and fingers, Supinator, Triceps. (BEST)

Q: What 4 areas is there decreased output in Parkinson's?
A: substantia nigra pars compacta, globus pallidus, ventral anterior nucleus, cortex

Q: What 4 movements are limpaired in a lesion of the ulnar nerve?
A: wrist flextion, wrist addduction, thumb adduction, and adductiont of the 2 ulnar fingers

Q: What 4 movements are lost in a lesion of the median nerve?
A: forearm pronation, wrist flexion, finger flexion, and several thumb movements

Q: What 4 structures pass through the jugular foramen?
A: CN IX, X, XI(descending), jugular vein

Q: What 4 things do the lateral striate arteries supply?
A: internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

Q: What 5 spinal nerves that make up the brachial plexus?
A: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

Q: What 5 structures pass through the supperior orbital fissure?
A: CN III, IV, V1, VI, ophthalmic vein

Q: What 5 types of cells make up the suportive cells of the CNS/PNS?
A: Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendroglia, Schwann cells, Ependymal cells.

Q: What are 2 characteristics of Tabes Dorsalis?
A: impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia

Q: What are 3 clinical findings of the arm in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
A: arm hangs by the side, medially rotated, forearm is pronated

Q: What are the 2 classic causes of Erb-Duchenne palsy?
A: blow to the shoulder and trauma during birth

Q: What are the 3 classic symptoms of Horner's syndrome?
A: ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis

Q: What are the 4 classic findings of Brown-Sequard syndrome?
A: ipsi motor paralysis(spastic), ipsi loss of dorsal column, contra loss of spinothalamic, ipsi loss of ALL sensation at the level of the lesion

Q: What are the input and output of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
A: input - mammillary body, output - cingulate gyrus

Q: What are the input and output of the cingulate gyrus?
A: input - anterior nucleus of the thalamus, output - entorhinal cortex

Q: What are the input and output of the entorhinal cortex?
A: input - cingulate gyrus, output - hippocampal formation

Q: What are the input and output of the mammillary body?
A: input - hippocampal formation, output - anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Q: What are the input and output of the septal area?
A: input - hippocampal formation, output - hippocampal formation

Q: What artery do the lateral striate branch off of?
A: internal carotid artery

Q: What artery does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery branch off of?
A: basilar artery

Q: What artery does the anterior spinal artery branch off of?
A: vertebral artery

Q: What artery does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery branch off of?
A: vertebral artery

Q: What artery does the superior cerebellar artery branch off of?
A: basilar artery

Q: What artery supplies Broca's and Wernicke's speech areas?
A: middle cerebral artery

Q: What artery supplies the medial surface of the brain (foot-leg area)?
A: anterior cerebral artery

Q: What bone do all the foramina of the middle cranial fossa pass through?
A: sphenoid bone

Q: What CN arises dorsally?
A: CN IV trochlear

Q: What CN is the afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex?
A: CN II

Q: What CN is the efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex?
A: CN III

Q: What CNs lie medially at the brain stem?
A: CN III, VI, XIII (3 - 6 - 12)

Q: What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: central myelin production?
A: Oligodendroglia

Q: What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: inner lining of the ventricles?
A: Ependymal cells

Q: What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: peripheral myelin production?
A: Schwann cells

Q: What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: phagocytosis?
A: Microglia

Q: What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: physical support, repair, K+ metabolism?
A: Astrocytes

Q: What disease does Tabes Dorsalis result from?
A: tertiary syphilis

Q: What disorder results from a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).
A: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)

Q: What embryologic defect is thoracic outlet syndrome caused by
A: by having a cervical rib.

Q: What happens if a swinging light test is performed on a Marcus Gann pupil (afferent pupil defect)?
A: results in pupil dialation of the defective eye as the light is swung from the normal eye to the defective eye

Q: What happens if you illuminate one pupil in a normal patient?
A: both eyes constrict (consensual reflex)

Q: What hypo/hyper-kinetic disorder is marked by decreased serum ceruloplasm and Keyser-Fleischer rings in the eyes.
A: Wilson's disease

Q: What is a Argyll Robertson pupil?
A: the eyes DO NOT constrict to light, but DO accommodate to near objects

Q: What is affected in a central VII lesion (lesion above the facial nucleus - UMN)?
A: paralysis of the contralateral lower quadrant

Q: What is affected in a peripheral VII lesion (lesion at or below the facial nucleus - LMN)?
A: paralysis of the ipsilateral face both upper and lower.

Q: What is the common name for a peripheral VII lesion?
A: Bell's palsy

Q: What is the consequence when your CNS stimulates the gamma motor neuron and the intrafusal fibers contract?
A: increased sensitivity of the reflex arc

Q: What is the direct pathway from the striatum to the cortex?
A: The striatum to the substantia nigra pars reticularis /medial globus pallidus to the thalamus to the cortex (excitatory path)

Q: What is the embryologic tissue origin of Microglia (ecto/meso/edo)?
A: Mesoderm

Q: What is the indirect pathway from the striatum to the cortex?
A: The striatum to the lateral globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus to the substantia nigra/medial globus pallidus to the thalamus to the cortex (inhibitory pathway but still increases the thalamic drive)

Q: What is the lesion in Brown-Sequard syndrome?
A: hemisection of the spinal cord

Q: What is the most common circle of Willis aneurysm?
A: anterior communicating artery

Q: What is the name for the small muscle fiber type that regulates muscle length?
A: Intrafusal fibers

Q: What lesion produces coma?
A: reticular activating system

Q: What lesion produces conduction aphasia, poor repetition w/ poor comprehension, and fluent speech?
A: Arcuate fasiculus

Q: What lesion produces Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior)?
A: Amygdala (bilateral)

Q: What lesion produces motor(expressive) aphasia with good comprehension?
A: Broca's area (motor speech)

Q: What lesion produces personality changes and deficits in concentration, orientation, judgement?
A: frontal lobe - these are frontal release signs

Q: What lesion produces sensory(fluent/receptive) aphasia with poor comprehension?
A: Wernicke's area (associative auditory cortex)

Q: What lesion produces spatial neglect syndrome?
A: right parietal lobe -- contralateral neglect.

Q: What lobe of the brain is the Broca's area in?
A: frontal

Q: What lobe of the brain is the frontal eye movement and pupillary change area in?
A: frontal

Q: What lobe of the brain is the premotor area in?
A: frontal

Q: What lobe of the brain is the primary auditory cortex area in?
A: temporal

Q: What lobe of the brain is the principal motor area in?
A: frontal

Q: What lobe of the brain is the principal sensory area in?
A: parietal

Q: What lobe of the brain is the principal visual cortex area in?
A: occipital

Q: What lobe of the brain is the Wernicke's area in?
A: temporal

Q: What midbrain structure is important in mitigating voluntary movements and making postural adjustments?
A: Basal Ganglia

Q: What mineral causes the pathology of Wilson's disease
A: copper

Q: What muscle depresses and extorts the eye?
A: inferior rectus

Q: What muscle elevates and intorts the eye?
A: superior rectus

Q: What muscle extorts, elevates, and adducts the eye?
A: inferior oblique

Q: What muscle fiber type makes up the muscle bulk and provides the force for contraction?
A: Extrafusal fibers

Q: What muscle intorts, depresses, and abducts the eye?
A: superior oblique

Q: What muscle sensor senses tension and provides inhibitory feedback to alpha motor neurons?
A: golgi tendon organs

Q: What muscular disorder is a medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome associated with?
A: Multiple Sclerosis (MLF=MS)

Q: What nerve is known as the great extensor nerve?
A: radial nerve

Q: What neurotransmitter is decrease in Parkinson's disease
A: dopamine

Q: What nucleus if typically lesioned in hemiballismus?
A: contralateral subthalamic nucleus

Q: What nucleus of the hypothalamus controls circadian rhythms?
A: suprachiasmatic nucleus

Q: What nucleus of the hypothalamus controls hunger?
A: lateral nucleus

Q: What nucleus of the hypothalamus controls satiety?
A: ventromedial nucleus

Q: What nucleus of the hypothalamus controls sexual emotions?
A: septate nucleus

Q: What nucleus of the hypothalamus controls thirst and water balance?
A: supraoptic nucleus

Q: What part of the hypothalamus (ant./post.) controls autonomic regulation?
A: anterior hypothalamus

Q: What part of the hypothalamus (ant./post.) controls cooling when hot?
A: anterior hypothalamus

Q: What part of the hypothalamus (ant./post.) controls heat conservation when cold?
A: posterior hypothalamus

Q: What part of the ventral spinal cord is spared with complete occlusion of the ventral artery?
A: dorsal columns

Q: What passes through the cavernous sinus? (nerves and artery
A: CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI, post-ganglionic SNS and the Internal carotid artery

Q: What reflex is lost in a lesion of the musculocutaneous nerve?
A: biceps reflex

Q: What structure passes through the foramen ovale?
A: CN V3

Q: What structure passes through the foramen rotundum?
A: CN V2

Q: What structure passes through the foramen spinosum?
A: middle meningeal artery

Q: What structure passes through the hypoglossal canal?
A: CN XII

Q: What symptom is seen with a lesion of the axillary nerve?
A: Deltoid paralysis

Q: What symptom is seen with a lesion of the median nerve?
A: decreased thumb function

Q: What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the long thoracic nerve?
A: Winged scapula

Q: What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?
A: Claw hand

Q: What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
A: Wrist drop

Q: What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the radial nerve?
A: Saturday night palsy

Q: What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?
A: Waiter's tip (Erb-Duchenne palsy)

Q: What two bones do all the foramina of the posterior cranial fossa pass through?
A: temporal and occipital bones

Q: What two hypothalamic nuclei does the posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis) receive neuronal projections from?
A: supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus.

Q: What type of fibers do the corticospinal tracts carry?
A: motor

Q: What type of fibers do the dorsal columns carry?
A: sensory - pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception

Q: What type of fibers do the spinothalmic tracts carry?
A: sensory - pain and temperature

Q: What type of function does CN I have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: sensory

Q: What type of function does CN II have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: sensory

Q: What type of function does CN III have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: motor

Q: What type of function does CN IV have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: motor

Q: What type of function does CN IX have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: both

Q: What type of function does CN V have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: both

Q: What type of function does CN VI have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: motor

Q: What type of function does CN VII have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: both

Q: What type of function does CN VIII have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: sensory

Q: What type of function does CN X have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: both

Q: What type of function does CN XI have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: motor

Q: What type of function does CN XII have? (sensory, motor, or both)
A: motor

Q: What type of lesion is seen in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?
A: combo of UMN and LMN lesions with no sensory deficit

Q: What type of lesion is seen in Multiple Sclerosis?
A: random asymmetric lesions in mostly white matter of the cervical region

Q: What type of lesion is seen in Poliomyelitis and is it genetic or acquired?
A: acquired LMN lesion causing flaccid paralysis

Q: What type of lesion is seen in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and is it genetic or acquired?
A: genetic LMN lesion causing flaccid paralysis (aka. Floppy infant disease)

Q: What type of molecule can cross the blood-brain barrier most easily? (lipid/nonlipid, polar/nonpolar)
A: Lipid-soluable/nonpolar molecules

Q: What vagal nuclei controls motor innervation to the pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus?
A: Nucleus Ambiguus (Motor=aMbiguus)

Q: What vagal nuclei controls visceral sensory in formation like taste and gut distention?
A: Nucleus Solitarius (Sensory=Solitarius)

Q: What vagal nuclei sends parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and upper GI?
A: dorsal motor nucleus of CN X

Q: What would happen temperature regulation if you lesioned your posterior hypothalamus?
A: lose the ability to conserve heat

Q: What would happen temperature regulation if you lesioned your ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?
A: have hyperphagia and become obese

Q: When is a positive Babinski a normal reflex?
A: during the first year of life

Q: Where is the lesion in a patient with hemiballismus?
A: Subthalamic nucleus

Q: Where is the lesion in Parkinson's?
A: Substantia nigra pars compacta

Q: Which CN is the only nerve that does not abut the wall in the cavernous sinus?
A: CN VI (abducens)

Q: Which CNs pass through the middle cranial fossa?
A: CN II - VI

Q: Which CNs pass through the posterior cranial fossa?
A: CN VII - XII

Q: Which division of the facial motor nucleus has duel innervation? (upper or lower)
A: upper division

Q: Which thalamic nucleus has a visual function?
A: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGB)

Q: Which thalamic nucleus has an auditory function?
A: Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGB)

Q: Which thalamic nucleus has pre-motor function?
A: Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA)

Q: Which thalamic nucleus has the function of body senses(proprioception, pressure, pain, touch, vibration)?
A: Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus (VPL)

Q: Which thalamic nucleus has the function of facial sensation and pain?
A: Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus (VPM)

Q: Which thalamic nucleus is the primary motor cortex?
A: Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL)

Q: Which way does the head deviate in a unilateral lesion (LMN) of CN XI? (toward or away)
A: toward the lesion -- note: First-Aid is wrong in the book)

Q: Which way does the jaw deviate in a unilateral lesion (LMN) of CN V? (toward or away)
A: toward the lesion

Q: Which way does the patient tend to fall in a unilateral lesion (LMN) of the cerebellum? (toward or away)
A: toward the lesion

Q: Which way does the tongue deviate in a unilateral lesion (LMN) of CN XII? (toward or away)
A: toward the lesion

Q: Which way does the uvula deviate in a unilateral lesion (LMN) of CN X? (toward or away)
A: away from the lesion

Q: Why does the arm hang by the side in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
A: paralysis of shoulder abductors

Q: Why is L-dopa use for parkinsonism instead of dopamine?
A: L-dopa crosses the blood-brain barrier while dopamine does not.

Q: Why is the arm medially rotated in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
A: paralysis of the lateral rotators

Q: Why is the forearm pronated in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
A: loss of the biceps brachii