Axon
07-08-2005, 02:36 PM
1471
Listen, in Glycogen Storage, there is SO many questions asked too. You KNOW that the enzyme Glycogen PHOSPHORYLASE makes Glucose-1-phosphate from GLYCOGEN, right? And you KNOW that the enzyme Glycogen synthase STORES and makes Glycogen from G-1-P right?
Please know that Glucose 1 phosphate is ACTIVATED into UDP-Glucose (stress the UDP part, you will see it), before it turns into Glycogen, right? Know that LOW insulin levels (a fasting state) will BLOCK the enzyme for making Glycogen.
Also, know that the Glucose 1 phosphate is made commonly from Galactose 1 phosphate and/or Glucose 6 Phosphate (from Glycolysis).
IT IS CONFUSING, but the material is so loved by Boards....
1472
Hmmm...is Orotic Acid chiefly in Pyrimidine Synthesis or Purine Synthesis? If Boards showed a picture of BOTH pathways, could you identify when and where it is made? (Boards will have the answer choices labelled a,b,c,d,e...on the pathways itself drawn out in a picture)
A) Pyrimidine Synthesis. Orotic acid is formed originally from Glutamine and Arginine and becomes orotic acid from dihydrorotic acid INSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA. AFTER that, it can be shuttled outside and merged with PRPP or Phosphoribosepyrophosphate to make OROTIDINE MP, then UMP...in the FINAL STEP.
Contrast that with Purine Synthesis, where PRPP or Phosphoribosepyrophosphate is the FIRST step as Glutamine enters to make Ribosylamine 7 phosphate and then IMP and Inosine.
1473
You should KNOW many drugs prevent uric acid build up from Purine Synthesis by blocking what key enzyme? What is the most common drug that does this?
a) Xanthine Oxidase (KNOW this occurs chiefly in the liver and intestine), this stops Xanthine from turning into Uric Acid buildup. And the drug often mentioned is ALLOPURINOL for treating GOUT which hits the BIG TOE. Boards wants you to know where in the body the key biochemical rxns. occur, OK and all the integrations possible). I love you all. Do great work for God...
1474
Another Mega Royale with Cheese (or Quarter Pounder) question...(are you in the US or Europe)?
The Methyl Cycle is SO ASKED and SO IMPORTANT cause it makes the amino acids. You know Vitamin B12 will catalyze the combination of Methyl-THF (Tetrahydrofolate) and Homocysteine to form methionine which will then convert to SAM to give out CH3 methyl groups...for making AAs.
But...what DRUG will block which ENZYME that will block the formation of THF (Tetrahydrofolate) which is powered by NADPH often used in arthritis and cancer therapy?
a) Classic integration...This IS the famous METHOTREXATE which blocks dihydrofolate REductase.... A most important drug and enzyme....
1475
The Boards love PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS. So what do you need to know?
Hmmm..well, Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumor derived from chromaffin cells. AND, the clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma result from excessive catecholamine secretion by the tumor. Catecholamines typically secreted, either intermittently or continuously, include norepinephrine and epinephrine but rarely dopamine. The biological effects of catecholamines are well known. Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors results in elevated blood pressure, increased cardiac contractility, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal relaxation. Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors results in an increase in heart rate and contractility.
Associated with MEN 2A (Sipple syndrome) is comprised of medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism, pheochromocytoma, and Hirschsprung disease.
Associate also with MEN IIB. Medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neurofibromatosis, intestinal ganglioneuromatosis, Hirschsprung disease, and a marfanoid body habitus characterize MEN 2B.
Boards ask that you know to CHECK 24-hour urine collection for creatinine, total catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and metanephrines.
Boards also ask that you know treatment: You have to stop the Hypertension. SOO...Start alpha blockade with phenoxybenzamine 7-10 days preoperatively to allow for expansion of blood volume, maybe they will ask if surgery will be useful to remove the tumor. You can also be asked that you recommend to REDUCE TYROSINE in the diet, a precursor for norepinephrine.
1476
If you are given a picture of the circular cell cycle (GO, G1, S, G2, M) labeled as a,b,c,d,e,
Boards asks you to pick which stage most DNA production occurs... What is it?
S phase
1477
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is a major constituent of cell membranes. This is a favorite question.
Phosphatidylcholine's role in the maintenance of cell-membrane integrity is vital to all of the basic biological processes. These are: information flow that occurs within cells from DNA to RNA to proteins; the formation of cellular energy and intracellular communication or signal transduction.
Phosphatidylcholine, particularly phosphatidylcholine rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has a marked fluidizing effect on cellular membranes. Decreased cell-membrane fluidization and breakdown of cell-membrane integrity, as well as impairment of cell-membrane repair mechanisms, are associated with a number of disorders, including liver disease, neurological diseases, various cancers and cell death.
Phosphatidylcholine is absorbed into the mucosal cells of the small intestine, mainly in the duodenum and upper jejunum, following some digestion by the pancreatic enzyme phospholipase, producing lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin). Reacylation of lysolecithin takes place in the intestinal mucosal cells, reforming phosphatidylcholine, which is then transported by the lymphatics in the form of chylomicrons to the blood.
Phosphatidylcholine is transported in the blood in various lipoprotein particles, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL); it is then distributed to the various tissues of the body. It is used in RBCs and surfactant (a board favorite).
1478
Listen Oua**** blocks the sodium pump by binding to what ion site?
a) Potassium site
1479
You know Cholesterol is needed in your body. Name some essential compounds made from cholesterol...
a) Cholesterol makes bile acids, so it is needed for fat soluble vitamin intake. It makes your cell lipid membranes, it makes cortisol, Aldosterone, estradiol.
1480 -----
1481 -----
1482
You see a path photo on boards test of a Conn's Syndrome. What is HAPPENING to the plasma RENIN level?
a) Since you know it secretes aldosterone, the axis will inhibit RENIN. Asked on boards...
1483
Your pt has CHF, or Kidney failure, or they asked cirrhosis. What is the hormone in the RAAS system, Renin doing?
A) It is elevated. That is a BAD thing for CHFers. they retain water.
1484
Picture of the kidney collecting tubules...in front of the Prometric screen! You identify that they are INTERCALATED CELLS. Look, know that there will be an arrow pointed at two places, the luminal and the basolateral surface. They are asking you what ions are pumped IN the luminal side and what ions are pumped out the basolateral side.
a) KNOW THIS OR DIE. (just kidding). In the luminal side, There is an ATP pump that pushes H+s into the lumen and the basolateral side has a HCO3-/Cl- antiport. The HCO3- is pumped out, while the Cl is pumped INTO the bloodstream portion.
1485
Here is a trick concept that trip up lots of test takers. Can Acetyl CoA be used as a substrate for making glucose in the fasting state?
a) NO! But it can make fatty acids, Ketones, and Cholesterol. Please review a Biochem pathway picture. It will make a LOT more sense.
Listen, in Glycogen Storage, there is SO many questions asked too. You KNOW that the enzyme Glycogen PHOSPHORYLASE makes Glucose-1-phosphate from GLYCOGEN, right? And you KNOW that the enzyme Glycogen synthase STORES and makes Glycogen from G-1-P right?
Please know that Glucose 1 phosphate is ACTIVATED into UDP-Glucose (stress the UDP part, you will see it), before it turns into Glycogen, right? Know that LOW insulin levels (a fasting state) will BLOCK the enzyme for making Glycogen.
Also, know that the Glucose 1 phosphate is made commonly from Galactose 1 phosphate and/or Glucose 6 Phosphate (from Glycolysis).
IT IS CONFUSING, but the material is so loved by Boards....
1472
Hmmm...is Orotic Acid chiefly in Pyrimidine Synthesis or Purine Synthesis? If Boards showed a picture of BOTH pathways, could you identify when and where it is made? (Boards will have the answer choices labelled a,b,c,d,e...on the pathways itself drawn out in a picture)
A) Pyrimidine Synthesis. Orotic acid is formed originally from Glutamine and Arginine and becomes orotic acid from dihydrorotic acid INSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA. AFTER that, it can be shuttled outside and merged with PRPP or Phosphoribosepyrophosphate to make OROTIDINE MP, then UMP...in the FINAL STEP.
Contrast that with Purine Synthesis, where PRPP or Phosphoribosepyrophosphate is the FIRST step as Glutamine enters to make Ribosylamine 7 phosphate and then IMP and Inosine.
1473
You should KNOW many drugs prevent uric acid build up from Purine Synthesis by blocking what key enzyme? What is the most common drug that does this?
a) Xanthine Oxidase (KNOW this occurs chiefly in the liver and intestine), this stops Xanthine from turning into Uric Acid buildup. And the drug often mentioned is ALLOPURINOL for treating GOUT which hits the BIG TOE. Boards wants you to know where in the body the key biochemical rxns. occur, OK and all the integrations possible). I love you all. Do great work for God...
1474
Another Mega Royale with Cheese (or Quarter Pounder) question...(are you in the US or Europe)?
The Methyl Cycle is SO ASKED and SO IMPORTANT cause it makes the amino acids. You know Vitamin B12 will catalyze the combination of Methyl-THF (Tetrahydrofolate) and Homocysteine to form methionine which will then convert to SAM to give out CH3 methyl groups...for making AAs.
But...what DRUG will block which ENZYME that will block the formation of THF (Tetrahydrofolate) which is powered by NADPH often used in arthritis and cancer therapy?
a) Classic integration...This IS the famous METHOTREXATE which blocks dihydrofolate REductase.... A most important drug and enzyme....
1475
The Boards love PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS. So what do you need to know?
Hmmm..well, Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumor derived from chromaffin cells. AND, the clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma result from excessive catecholamine secretion by the tumor. Catecholamines typically secreted, either intermittently or continuously, include norepinephrine and epinephrine but rarely dopamine. The biological effects of catecholamines are well known. Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors results in elevated blood pressure, increased cardiac contractility, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal relaxation. Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors results in an increase in heart rate and contractility.
Associated with MEN 2A (Sipple syndrome) is comprised of medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism, pheochromocytoma, and Hirschsprung disease.
Associate also with MEN IIB. Medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neurofibromatosis, intestinal ganglioneuromatosis, Hirschsprung disease, and a marfanoid body habitus characterize MEN 2B.
Boards ask that you know to CHECK 24-hour urine collection for creatinine, total catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and metanephrines.
Boards also ask that you know treatment: You have to stop the Hypertension. SOO...Start alpha blockade with phenoxybenzamine 7-10 days preoperatively to allow for expansion of blood volume, maybe they will ask if surgery will be useful to remove the tumor. You can also be asked that you recommend to REDUCE TYROSINE in the diet, a precursor for norepinephrine.
1476
If you are given a picture of the circular cell cycle (GO, G1, S, G2, M) labeled as a,b,c,d,e,
Boards asks you to pick which stage most DNA production occurs... What is it?
S phase
1477
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is a major constituent of cell membranes. This is a favorite question.
Phosphatidylcholine's role in the maintenance of cell-membrane integrity is vital to all of the basic biological processes. These are: information flow that occurs within cells from DNA to RNA to proteins; the formation of cellular energy and intracellular communication or signal transduction.
Phosphatidylcholine, particularly phosphatidylcholine rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has a marked fluidizing effect on cellular membranes. Decreased cell-membrane fluidization and breakdown of cell-membrane integrity, as well as impairment of cell-membrane repair mechanisms, are associated with a number of disorders, including liver disease, neurological diseases, various cancers and cell death.
Phosphatidylcholine is absorbed into the mucosal cells of the small intestine, mainly in the duodenum and upper jejunum, following some digestion by the pancreatic enzyme phospholipase, producing lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin). Reacylation of lysolecithin takes place in the intestinal mucosal cells, reforming phosphatidylcholine, which is then transported by the lymphatics in the form of chylomicrons to the blood.
Phosphatidylcholine is transported in the blood in various lipoprotein particles, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL); it is then distributed to the various tissues of the body. It is used in RBCs and surfactant (a board favorite).
1478
Listen Oua**** blocks the sodium pump by binding to what ion site?
a) Potassium site
1479
You know Cholesterol is needed in your body. Name some essential compounds made from cholesterol...
a) Cholesterol makes bile acids, so it is needed for fat soluble vitamin intake. It makes your cell lipid membranes, it makes cortisol, Aldosterone, estradiol.
1480 -----
1481 -----
1482
You see a path photo on boards test of a Conn's Syndrome. What is HAPPENING to the plasma RENIN level?
a) Since you know it secretes aldosterone, the axis will inhibit RENIN. Asked on boards...
1483
Your pt has CHF, or Kidney failure, or they asked cirrhosis. What is the hormone in the RAAS system, Renin doing?
A) It is elevated. That is a BAD thing for CHFers. they retain water.
1484
Picture of the kidney collecting tubules...in front of the Prometric screen! You identify that they are INTERCALATED CELLS. Look, know that there will be an arrow pointed at two places, the luminal and the basolateral surface. They are asking you what ions are pumped IN the luminal side and what ions are pumped out the basolateral side.
a) KNOW THIS OR DIE. (just kidding). In the luminal side, There is an ATP pump that pushes H+s into the lumen and the basolateral side has a HCO3-/Cl- antiport. The HCO3- is pumped out, while the Cl is pumped INTO the bloodstream portion.
1485
Here is a trick concept that trip up lots of test takers. Can Acetyl CoA be used as a substrate for making glucose in the fasting state?
a) NO! But it can make fatty acids, Ketones, and Cholesterol. Please review a Biochem pathway picture. It will make a LOT more sense.